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Introduction to Biology
· THEMES OF BIOLOGY · CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE · SCIENTIFIC METHOD · LAB SAFETY · SI MEASUREMENT · USE OF MICROSCOPE
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Students will be able to: 1. List six unifying themes of biology. 2. Explain how organisms get the energy they need to survive. 3. Describe the main difference between the structure of a living thing and that of a nonliving thing. 4. List six characteristics of life. 5. Describe how a living thing is organized. 6. Explain why all living things on Earth are not yet well understood. 7. Define and give examples of observing, measuring, organizing, and analyzing data, inferring, and modeling. 8. Explain the relationship between hypothesizing, predicting, and experimenting. 9. Explain why good communication is so important in science. 10. Describe the methods that scientists use in their work. 11. Compare light microscopes with electron microscopes in terms of magnification and resolution. 12. Explain the advantages of the Système International d’Unités.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 1: Nature of Life
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes: Study of Life Notes-Massengale Identifying Controls and Variables Labs/Activities A2: Comparing living and nonliving things Lab C1: Microscope Safety Contract and Quiz Homework: Sections Review1-1-4 Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets |
Chapter 1 Test
Exam Pro Test Questions
Lab Safety Pretest
Lab Practical on Lab Equipment
Warm-ups help to check for prior knowledge or to check for understanding of previous day’s lesson
Characteristics of Life Concept Map |
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MA STANDARD
1. The Chemistry of Life
Broad Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life.
1.1
BASIC CHEMISTRY
· Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements.
· The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, S.
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Students will be able to: 1. Define element, atom, compound, and molecule. 2. Draw a model of the structure of an atom. 3. Explain what determines an atom’s stability. 4. Contrast ionic and covalent bonds. 5. List the three states of matter, and explain how matter can change state. 6. Describe how energy changes are involved in chemical reactions. 7. Explain how enzymes affect chemical reactions in organisms. 8. Explain what a redox reaction is. 9. Define solution, solute, solvent, and concentration. 10. Explain the dissociation of water. 11. Contrast properties of acids and bases. 12. Describe the use of the pH scale. 13. Explain the action of buffers.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 2: Chemistry
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Labs/Activities Making Models Lab: Solutions Lab: ph Adopt an Element Giant Periodic Table
Homework: · Sections Review 2-1-3 · Study Guide Worksheets
2-1 Worksheet · Chapter Review Questions
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Chapter 2 Test
Exam Pro Test Questions
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2. Cell Biology Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction 2.1 CELL ORGANELLES
§ Relate cell parts/organelles –(plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions.
§ Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport).
2.2 PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES
§ Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, prokaryotes and eukaryotes (general structures and degrees of complexity).
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Students will be able to: . 1. Outline the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory. 2. State the cell theory. 3. Identify a limiting factor on the size of cells. 4. Describe the relationship between cell shape and cell function. 5. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 6. Describe the structure, composition, and function of the cell membrane. 7. Name the major organelles found in a eukaryotic cell, and describe their functions. 8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. 9. Describe three structures characteristic of plant cells. 10. Name two types of autotrophy and explain the difference between them. 11. Explain how photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are thought to be related. 12. Define endosymbiosis, and explain why it is important in the history of eukaryotes. 13. Distinguish between tissues, organs, and organ systems. 14. Describe the features of a colonial organism
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 4: Structure and Function of the Cell
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions Lecture Notes:
Chapter 4: The Cell Notes Labs/Activities Cell Web Quest GO Cell Analogy Project Cell Analogy Collage Cell Model Lab: Observing Specialized Cells Homework: · Sections Review 4-1-2 · Study Guide Worksheets · Chapter Review Questions
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Collins: Comparing and Contrasting Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Collins: Comparing and Contrasting Plant and Animal Cells
Collins: Compare and Contrast 2 cell organelles
Chapter 4 Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
Broad Concept: Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Over many generations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity through speciation and extinction.
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Students will be able to:
hypothesis of spontaneous generation.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 14: Origin of Life Sections 14-1 &14-2 PP. 270-272 Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Origin of
Life PPT/Massengale Labs/Activities MB: Making Microspheres PBS Video: Origins I & II
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Collins: Compare Spallanzani, Redi’s and Pasteur’s Theories
Chapter 14 Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.1 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION · Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection |
Students will be able to: 1. Define fossil, and tell how the examination of fossils led to the development of evolutionary theories. 2. Explain the law of superposition and its significance to evolutionary theory. 3. Describe how early scientists inferred a succession of life-forms from the fossil record. 4. Tell how biogeographic observations suggest descent with modification 5. Define evolution. 6. Explain Lamarck’s theory of evolution, and describe how it was flawed. 7. List some of the evidence that led Darwin to his idea of how species might change over time. 8. Explain Darwin’s two major theories. 9. Describe the difference between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures. 10. Tell how similarities in macromolecules and embryos of different species suggest a relationship between them. 11. Explain the difference between coevolution, and divergent and convergent evolution
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 15: Evolution Evidence and Theory
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions Peppered Moth Reading Evolution articles Lecture Notes:
Biology Zone Evolution PPT MB Lab: A9, A11 MB: B8 Fossil Study Lab: Natural Selection Collins Brainstorm Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets |
Collins: Comparing Darwin and Lamarck
Essay: Comparing Darwin & Lamarck
Chapter 15 Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.1 HUMAN EVOLUTION • Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection
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Students will be able to:
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 17 Human Evolution
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Labs/Activities
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 17 Test
Exam Pro Test Questions
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 CLASSIFICATION · Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).
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Students will be able to: 1. Describe Aristotle’s classification system, and explain why it was replaced. 2. Explain Linnaeus’s system of classification, and identify the main criterion he used to classify organisms. 3. List Linnaeus’s levels of classification form the most general to the most specific. 4. Name the primary criterion that modern taxonomists consider when they classify organisms. 5. Define phylogenetic tree, and explain what information a phylogenetic tree shows. 6. List four types of evidence used to organize organisms in systemic taxonomy. 7. Name two differences found in the embryos of vertebrates and arthropods that suggest a very different phylogenetic history. 8. Explain cladistic taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with classical, systemic taxonomy. 9. Describe the six-kingdom system of classification. 10. List the characteristics that distinguish archaebacteria from eubacteria. 11. Explain why the protists are grouped together in the six-kingdom system in spite of having differences that are greater than those between plants and animals. 12. Describe the evidence that prompted the creation of the three-domain system of classification. 13. Explain the principal difference between the six-kingdom system and the three-domain system of classification.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 18: Classification · Creating Order Out of Chaos p. 340-341
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Classification PPT Labs/Activities: • MB A15 • MB A11 • Classifying Animals • Quick Lab p. 338 • Timeline: pp 341-342
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Collins: Compare and Contrast 6 Kindom and 3 Domain Classification Systems
Chapter 18 Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 BACTERIA
· Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms |
Students will be able to: 1. Define bacteria, eubacteria, and archaebacteria, and note the relationships between them. 2. Describe the methods used to classify bacteria. 3. Name and describe three known types of archaebacteria. 4. Distinguish Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria. 5. Describe the significance of cyanobacteria in the formation of the Earth’s present atmosphere. 6. Describe the structure of a bacterial cell. 7. Describe three ways that bacteria move. 8. Compare the heterotrophic modes of nutrition in bacteria with the autotrophic modes. 9. Discuss the various types of environments that bacteria occupy. 10. List three types of genetic recombination used by bacteria. 11. Describe the ways that bacteria can cause disease in humans. 12. Specify how antibiotic resistance has come about, and describe ways that bacteria resist antibiotics. 13. List three ways that bacteria are helpful to humans. 14. Distinguish between harmful and beneficial bacteria
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 24: Bacteria
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Labs/Activities
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 24 Test
Collins: C/C Bacteria and Viruses
Collins: C/C Harmful and Helpful Bacteria
Exam Pro Test Questions
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
2.8 VIRUSES
Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction.
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Students will be able to: 1. Describe the structure and classification of viruses. 2. Describe the achievement of Wendell Stanley in the development of virology. 3. Identify the range of sizes and shapes among viruses. 4. List the characteristics used to group viruses. 5. Compare and contrast viroids and prions with viruses. 6. Describe a bacteriophage. 7. Summarize the five phases of the lytic cycle. 8. Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication. 9. Differentiate between a prophage and a provirus. 10. Summarize how viruses may have evolved. 11. Name four viral diseases that result in serious illness in humans. 12. Compare the two types of viral vaccines, and discuss other forms of viral-disease prevention 13. Discuss the relationship between viruses and cancer. 14. Outline the onset of a virus outbreak.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 25: Viruses
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Virus Notes Massengale
Labs/Activities
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 25 Test
Exam Pro Test Questions
Collins: Is It Alive?
Lab Report
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 PROTISTS
· Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms |
Students will be able to: 1. Describe the characteristics of protozoa. 2. Explain the role some protozoa play in aquatic ecosystems. 3. Discuss a classification scheme used to identify protozoa. 4. Name an adaptation that enables some protozoa to survive harsh environmental conditions. 5. Briefly explain the evolution of protozoa. 6. Identify four human diseases caused by zooflagellates. 7. Discuss the life cycle of Plasmodium. 8. Explain how algae differ from plants. 9. Identify the characteristics used to classify algae into seven phyla. 10. Summarize the events of asexual and sexual reproduction in representative genera of algae. 11. Explain why the phylum Chlorophyta is considered the most diverse phylum of algae. 12. Describe the characteristics of the members of the phyla Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. 13. Describe the essential characteristics of diatoms, and explain their industrial importance. 14. Discuss why Euglena is considered both a protozoan and an alga. 15. Describe the two forms that characterize the life cycle of the slime mold. 16. Describe the environment in which slime molds live. 17. Outline the basic life cycles of the two groups of slime molds. 18. Point out the unique characteristics of water molds.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapters 26: Protozoa Chapter 27: Algaelike and Fungilike Protists
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes • Algal and Fungal Protists-Masengale
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Protozoa Study Guide Labs/Activities: • MB A17 • MB C29 • MB B14
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
Protozoa Worksheet |
Chapter 26/27 Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 FUNGI
· Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms. |
Students will be able to: 1. Describe the origin and evolution of fungi. 2. Compare fungi with other eukaryotic organisms. 3. Describe how fungi obtain nutrients. 4. Distinguish between a hypha and a mycelium. 5. List the characteristics that distinguish the three phyla of fungi. 6. Identify the common sexual reproductive traits of the three phyla of fungi. 7. Define mycorrhiza and lichens, and distinguish between them. 8. Explain the importance of mycorrhizae and lichens to the environment 9. Describe three ways that fungi cause disease in humans. 10. Describe the types of food that fungi provide. 11. Provide examples of fungi’s industrial importance.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 28: Fungi
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Fungi Notes Masengale Labs/Activities
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets |
Chapter Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 PLANTS
· Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms
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Students will be able to: 1. Compare and contrast green algae and plants. 2. Name three adaptations plants have made to life on land. 3. Compare vascular plants with nonvascular plants. 4. Define and describe alternation of generations 5. . 1. Name three types of plants that make up the bryophytes. 6. List distinguishing characteristics shared by nonvascular plants. 7. List two main characteristics of vascular plants. 8. Distinguish between seedless plants and seed plants. 9. Distinguish between gymnosperms and angiosperms. 10. Summarize the adaptive advantages of seeds. 11. Distinguish between monocots and dicots. 12. Describe the structure and function of the major parts of a plant: • Roots • Stems • Leaves • Flowers
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 30: Plant Evolution and Classification Chapter 31: Plant Structure and Function Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes: • Nonvascular & Simple Vascular • Plant Structure and function PPT
Labs/Activities • Help Wanted: Plant Structure and function Analogies • MB Lab A19
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter Test
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5. Evolution and Biodiversity
5.2 ANIMALS
· Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms.
· Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities. 2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number, and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe six kingdoms
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Students will be able to: 1. Define the terms invertebrate and vertebrate. 2. Identify four important characteristics of animals. 3. List two kinds of tissue found only in animals. 4. Explain how the first animals might have evolved from unicellular animals 5. Describe types of symmetry found in animals. 6. List two functions of the body cavity in animals 7. List three structural features that taxonomists use to classify animals. 8. List four features found only in chordates. 9. Compare the body plans and development of invertebrates and vertebrates. 10. Define the term segmentation, and name a phylum of segmented animals. 11. Explain the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system. 12. List the steps of fertilization and development through gastrulation. 13. Define protostome and deuterostome. 14. Compare and contrast the major vertebrate and invertebrate classes according to their: • Structure • Physiological systems • Methods of reproduction • Habitats • Evolution
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 34: Introduction to Animals Chapters 35-45 for Learning Objective #15
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes: • Introduction to Animals Notes: Masengale • Kingdom Animalia, The 9 Phyla PPT
Labs/Activities • MB Lab A21 Symmetry • MB A23: Observing Animal Groups • Great Ideas for Vertebrate Project
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter Test
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6. Ecology
Broad Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
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Students will be able to: 1. Define the term ecology, and explain why ecology is important. 2. List and describe three human-caused environmental problems. 3. Identify the five different levels of organization in ecology. 4. Explain the theme of interconnectedness. 5. Identify the importance of models to ecology. 6. Contrast abiotic factors with biotic factors, and list two examples of each. 7. Explain the importance of tolerance curves. 8. Describe some adaptations that allow organisms to avoid unfavorable conditions. 9. Explain the concept of the niche. 10. Contrast the fundamental niche with the realized niche.
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Modern Biology(2002)
Reading: Chapter 19: Introduction to Ecology
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Ecology Notes (JJohnson) Labs/Activities MB Labs C24,C25 Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 19 Test
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6. Ecology
Broad Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
6.1 POPULATION ECOLOGY · Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size 6.2 · Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species.
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Students will be able to: 1. Explain the difference between population size, density, and dispersion. 2. Describe the three main patterns of population dispersion. 3. Explain the importance of a population’s age structure. 4. Contrast the three main types of survivorship curves. 5. Describe the exponential model of population growth. 6. Compare the similarities and differences between the logistic model and the exponential model. 7. Distinguish between density-dependent and density-independent regulatory factors. 8. List three reasons why small populations are more vulnerable to extinction 9. Explain how the development of agriculture changed the pattern of human population growth. 10. Describe the change in human population growth that began around 1650. 11. Describe how growth rates have changed since World War II. 12. Compare the general standard of living in developed countries with that in developing countries.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 20: Populations
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Ecology Notes (JJohnson)
Labs/Activities Predation Activity MB Lab A13
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Collins
Chapter 20 Test
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6. Ecology
6.3 ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES · Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, and mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities.
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Students will be able to: 1. Distinguish predation from parasitism. 2. Evaluate the importance of mimicry as a defense mechanism. 3. Describe two ways plants defend themselves against herbivores. 4. Explain how competition can affect community structure. 5. Contrast mutualism with commensalism, and give one example of each type of relationship. 6. Explain the difference between species richness and species diversity. 7. Describe how species richness varies with the latitude, and explain a hypothesis for this pattern. 8. Explain the cause and consequences of the species-area effect. 9. Explain the two main views of the relationship between species richness and stability. 10. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. 11. Identify some of the characteristics of pioneer species. 12. Describe the sequence of changes occurring at Glacier Bay. 13. Explain the successional changes that can occur when an existing community is disrupted |
Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 21: Community Ecology
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Ecology Notes (JJohnson)
Labs/Activities MB Lab C22, B4
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 21 Test
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6. Ecology
6.3 TROPHIC LEVELS · Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels.
6.4 WATER, CARBON AND NITROGEN CYCLES · Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in an ecosystem and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration.
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Students will be able to: 1. Contrast producers with consumers. 2. Explain the important role of decomposers in an ecosystem. 3. Contrast a food web with a food chain. 4. Explain why ecosystems usually contain only a few trophic levels. 5. Define biogeochemical cycle. 6. Trace the steps of the water cycle. 7. Summarize the major steps in the nitrogen cycle. 8. Describe the steps of the carbon cycle. 9. Describe the differences between tundra and taiga biomes. 10. Contrast temperate grassland with savanna. 11. Describe three water-conservation adaptations of desert organisms. 12. Compare tropical rain forests with temperate deciduous forests 13. Contrast the aphotic and photic zones in the ocean. 14. Describe the differences between the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. 15. Explain how organisms near deep-sea vents obtain energy. 16. Contrast eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes.
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Modern Biology(2002) Reading: Chapter 22: Ecosystem and Biosphere
Warm-ups: Active Reading KWL Review Questions
Lecture Notes:
Ecology Notes (JJohnson)
Labs/Activities MB Labs A12,B10
Homework: Sections Reviews Vocabulary Chapter Review Questions Study Guide Worksheets
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Chapter 22 Test
Exam Pro Test Questions
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